Mondo shtuff from around the internet, all about DEUTERIUM!
Desktop nuclear fusion demonstrated: The astonishingly simple set-up involves heating an ordinary crystal soaked in deuterium gas – but is unlikely to lead to power generation
The production of anti-matter in our galaxy: The discovery of a single anti-helium nucleus in the cosmic ray flux would definitely point toward the existence of stars and even of entire galaxies made of anti-matter. The presence of anti-nuclei in cosmic rays has actually profound implications on the fundamental question of the baryon asymmetry of the universe. It is therefore crucial to determine the amount of anti-matter which our own galaxy already produces through the spallation of high-energy protons on the interstellar gas of the galactic disk. We have used here a coalescence model to assess the amount of anti-deuterium and anti-helium 3He present in cosmic rays together with anti-protons. The propagation of cosmic rays in the galaxy is described through a two-zone diffusion model which correctly describes the observed abundances. We find that the D/p ratio exceeds 10-9 above a momentum per anti-nucleon of ~ 4 GeV/c. Would the universe be purely made of matter, the AMS collaboration should be able to detect a few anti-deuterons during the space station stage of the experiment. However, the 3He/p abundance does not exceed ~ 4 × 10-13. Heavier anti-nuclei are even further suppressed.
La Bataille de l’eau lourde Des physiciens, ces héros: A la fin des années 70, on croisait encore sa silhouette massive dans les couloirs du CERN. Lew Kowarski, pionnier du Laboratoire, était non seulement un immense physicien mais aussi un authentique héros de la seconde guerre mondiale. En 1940, avec Frédéric Joliot et Hans von Halban, Lew Kowarski mit à l’abri des nazis le stock mondial d’eau lourde, au terme d’une fuite rocambolesque de la France occupée. A la sortie de la guerre, les trois physiciens jouèrent leur propre rôle dans un film relatant leur aventure et intitulé « La Bataille de l’eau lourde ». Ce film, prêté par la Cinémathèque française, sera diffusé pour la première fois au CERN, jeudi prochain. Au début de la guerre, l’eau lourde (D20, deux atomes de deuterium pour un atome d’oxygène) était d’une importance stratégique. Frédéric Joliot, assisté de Hans von Halban et Lew Kowarski, avait, en 1939, mis en évidence la réaction nucléaire en chaîne et le rôle de modérateur que l’eau lourde y jouait. Quelques semaines avant l’invasion de la France, Raoul Dautry, alors Ministre de l’armement et futur pionnier du CERN, demanda à Frédéric Joliot d’acquérir le stock mondial d’eau lourde (185 kilos) qui se trouvait en Norvège. Alors que les troupes allemandes progressaient, Frédéric Joliot et ses deux collaborateurs évacuèrent les précieux bidons vers l’Angleterre, où von Halban et Kowarski poursuivirent leurs travaux. Ainsi, ils freinèrent les recherches nucléaires des nazis. Le film relate ce morceau d’histoire, où la recherche scientifique se mêle au destin des nations. Avant la projection, Maurice Jacob fera une courte présentation. La Bataille de l’eau lourde de Jean Dreville avec Hans von Halban, Frédéric Joliot, Lew Kowarski et Raoul Dautry qui jouent leur propre rôle Amphithéâtre principal Jeudi 28 mars, à 14h30
Laser spectroscopy of muonic deuterium: The deuteron is the simplest compound nucleus, composed of one proton and one neutron. Deuteron properties such as the root-mean-square charge radius rd and the polarizability serve as important benchmarks for understanding the nuclear forces and structure. Muonic deuterium μd is the exotic atom formed by a deuteron and a negative muon μ–. We measured three 2S-2P transitions in μd and obtain rd = 2.12562(78) fm, which is 2.7 times more accurate but 7.5σ smaller than the CODATA-2010 value rd = 2.1424(21) fm. The μd value is also 3.5σ smaller than the rd value from electronic deuterium spectroscopy. The smaller rd, when combined with the electronic isotope shift, yields a “small” proton radius rp, similar to the one from muonic hydrogen, amplifying the proton radius puzzle.
The deuterium abundance in Jupiter and Saturn from ISO-SWS observations: Observations with the Short Wavelength Spectrometer (SWS) onboard the Infrared Space Observatory (ISO) are used to determine the D/H ratio in Jupiter’s and Saturn’s atmospheres. The D/H ratio is measured independently in hydrogen (i.e. from the HD/H2 ratio) and methane (from CH3D/CH4). Observations of the HD R(2) and R(3) rotational lines at 37.7 and 28.5 mu m, of the H2 S(0) and S(1) quadrupolar lines at 17.1 and 28.2 mu m, of the methane nu4 band at 7.7 mu m, and of the CH3D nu6 band at 8.6 mu m are analyzed jointly, allowing a retrieval of thermal profiles and molecular abundances. On each planet, the D/H determinations from H2 and CH4 give consistent results, but the accuracy is not sufficient to precisely determine the enrichment factor of D/H in methane. Combining these determinations, we obtain the following values for the D/H ratio in hydrogen: (D/H)H_2= (2.25+/- 0.35) 10-5 in Jupiter and (1.70+0.75-0.45) 10-5 on Saturn. These values are consistent with and somewhat more accurate than most earlier values. Comparing with inferences of protosolar D/H from solar wind measurements, it is confirmed that Jupiter is a reliable indicator of the protosolar D/H ratio. The protosolar deuterium abundance inferred from the jovian value, (2.1 +/- 0.4) 10-5, indicates a minor decrease of the D/H ratio, over the last 4.55 Gyr, in the part of the Galaxy where the Solar System was formed. Although the error bars overlap, most measurements, including ours, may point to a slightly smaller D/H ratio in Saturn’s atmosphere than in Jupiter’s, a surprising result which needs confirmation.
What Is the Total Deuterium Abundance in the Local Galactic Disk?: Analyses of spectra obtained with the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE) satellite, together with spectra from the Copernicus and interstellar medium absorption profile spectrograph (IMAPS) instruments, reveal an unexplained, very wide range in the observed deuterium/hydrogen (D/H) ratios for interstellar gas in the Galactic disk beyond the Local Bubble. We argue that spatial variations in the depletion of deuterium onto dust grains can explain these local variations in the observed gas-phase D/H ratios. We present a variable deuterium depletion model that naturally explains the constant measured values of D/H inside the Local Bubble, the wide range of gas-phase D/H ratios observed in the intermediate regime [logN(HI)=19.2-20.7], and the low gas-phase D/H ratios observed at larger hydrogen column densities. We consider empirical tests of the deuterium depletion hypothesis: (1) correlations of gas-phase D/H ratios with depletions of the refractory metals iron and silicon, and (2) correlation with the H2 rotational temperature. Both of these tests are consistent with deuterium depletion from the gas phase in cold, not recently shocked regions of the ISM, and high gas-phase D/H ratios in gas that has been shocked or otherwise heated recently. We argue that the most representative value for the total (gas plus dust) D/H ratio within 1 kpc of the Sun is >=23.1+/-2.4(1σ) parts per million (ppm). This ratio constrains Galactic chemical evolution models to have a very small deuterium astration factor, the ratio of primordial to total (D/H) ratio in the local region of the Galactic disk, which we estimate to be fd<=1.19+0.16-0.15(1σ) or <=1.12+/-0.14(1σ) depending on the adopted light-element nuclear reaction rates.
Based on observations made with the NASA-CNES-CSA Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer. FUSE is operated for NASA by the Johns Hopkins University under NASA contract NAS5-32985.
Detection of deuterium Balmer lines in the Orion Nebula: The detection and first identification of the deuterium Balmer emission lines, Dalpha and Dbeta , in the core of the Orion Nebula is reported. These lines are very narrow, have identical 11 km s-1 velocity shifts with respect to Hα and Hβ , are probably excited by UV continuum fluorescence from the Lyman (D I) lines and arise from the interface between the H Ii\ region and the molecular cloud. Based on observations collected at the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope, Hawaii, USA.
67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, a Jupiter family comet with a high D/H ratio: The provenance of water and organic compounds on Earth and other terrestrial planets has been discussed for a long time without reaching a consensus. One of the best means to distinguish between different scenarios is by determining the deuterium-to-hydrogen (D/H) ratios in the reservoirs for comets and Earth’s oceans. Here, we report the direct in situ measurement of the D/H ratio in the Jupiter family comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko by the ROSINA mass spectrometer aboard the European Space Agency’s Rosetta spacecraft, which is found to be (5.3 ± 0.7) × 10-4—that is, approximately three times the terrestrial value. Previous cometary measurements and our new finding suggest a wide range of D/H ratios in the water within Jupiter family objects and preclude the idea that this reservoir is solely composed of Earth ocean-like water.
Ocean-like water in the Jupiter-family comet 103P/Hartley 2: For decades, the source of Earth’s volatiles, especially water with a deuterium-to-hydrogen ratio (D/H) of (1.558+/-0.001)×10-4, has been a subject of debate. The similarity of Earth’s bulk composition to that of meteorites known as enstatite chondrites suggests a dry proto-Earth with subsequent delivery of volatiles by local accretion or impacts of asteroids or comets. Previous measurements in six comets from the Oort cloud yielded a mean D/H ratio of (2.96+/-0.25)×10-4. The D/H value in carbonaceous chondrites, (1.4+/-0.1)×10-4, together with dynamical simulations, led to models in which asteroids were the main source of Earth’s water, with <=10 per cent being delivered by comets. Here we report that the D/H ratio in the Jupiter-family comet 103P/Hartley 2, which originated in the Kuiper belt, is (1.61+/-0.24)×10-4. This result substantially expands the reservoir of Earth ocean-like water to include some comets, and is consistent with the emerging picture of a complex dynamical evolution of the early Solar System.
The deeds to deuterium: Dan O’Leary examines Harold Urey’s decision to name the mass-2 hydrogen isotope ‘deuterium’.
My botty best at summarizing from Wikipedia: deuterium is one of two stable isotopes of hydrogen . the other is protium, or hydrogen-1). deuterium was discovered and named in 1931 by Harold Urey . when the neutron was discovered in 1932, this made the nuclear structure of deuteriium obvious . the name is derived from the Greek de nearly all deuterium found in nature was produced in the Big Bang 13.8 billion years ago . this is the ratio found in the gas giant planets, such as Jupiter . many of Earth’s ocean water is of comet IUPAC allows both D and 2H, although 2H is preferred . a distinct chemical symbol is used for convenience because of the isotope’s common use in various scientific processes . the role of reduced mass is most simply seen in the Bohr model of the atom . the reduced mass also appears in the Schrödinger equation and the Dirac equation . for hydrogen, this amount is about 1837 in astronomical observation, this corresponds to a blue Doppler shift of 0.000272 times the speed of light, or 81.6 km/s . the differences are more pronounced in vibrational spectroscopy a calculation indicates seven protons for every neutron at the beginning of nucleogenesis . this fraction was in favor of protons initially, primarily because the lower mass of the proton favored their production . as the the bottleneck delayed formation of helium-4 until the universe became cool enough to form deuterium . at this point, there was a sudden burst of element formation . twenty minutes after the Big Bang, the universe the deuterium bottleneck in the formation of helium meant an insignificant amount of carbon formed in the Big Bang . failure of much nucleogenesis during the big bang ensured plenty of hydrogen in the later universe deuterium persists in the outer solar atmosphere at roughly the same concentration as in Jupiter . the natural abundance seems to be a very similar fraction of hydrogen . existence of a low but constant primordial fraction in all hydrogen is another measurements of deuterium from ultraviolet spectral analysis show a ratio of 23 atoms . this is 15% below the WMAP estimated primordial ratio from the Big Bang . in space a few hundred light years from the this abundance is thought to represent close to the primordial solar system ratio . this is about 17% of the terrestrial deuterium-to-hydrogen ratio of 156 atoms per million hydrogen molecules . the recent measurement of de renewed interest in suggestions that Earth’s water may be partly of asteroidal origin . deuterium has also observed to be concentrated over the mean solar abundance in other planets . world’s leading supplier was Atomic energy of India has eight heavy water plants, of which seven are in operation . six plants are based on D–H exchange in ammonia gas . the other two plants extract deuterium from natural water . India now exports reactor-grade heavy water . differences in bond energy and length are larger than isotopic differences in any other element . deuterium can replace protium in water molecules to form heavy water (D2O heavy water is slightly toxic in eukaryotic animals . 25% substitution of body water causes cell division problems and sterility . consumption of heavy water under normal circumstances does not pose a health threat to humans . infrared spectroscopy easily differentiates many deuterated compounds . triplet deuteron nucleon barely bound at EB = 2.23 MeV . none of the higher energy states are bound . a virtual particle exists during neutron-proton inelastic scattering . it has a mass of 2.013553212745(40) u (equal to 1875.612 928(12 orbital angular momentum of either particle gives lower binding energy for the system . this causes diproton and dineutron nucleus to be unstable . proton and neutron making up deuterium can be dis the symmetry relating the proton and neutron is known as isospin and denoted I (or sometimes T) a pair of nucleons can either be in an antisymmetric state called singlet, or in terms of the “down” state and “up” state, the singlet is 1 2 ( | p n | np ) . displaystyle frac triplet consists of three types of nuclei, which are supposed to be symmetric . they are a deuterium nucleus (actually a highly excited state of it) . nucleu with two antisymmetric if the deuteron is antisymmetric under parity (i.e. have an “odd” or “negative” parity) if it is even then the parity is even (positive) and the exchange of the two nucleons will multiply the deuterium wavefunction . by (1) from isospin exchange, (+1) from spin exchange and (+1) . as needed for antisymmetry . the state of lowest energy has s = 1, l = 1, higher than that of the isospin singlet . the deuteron is a spin singlet, so that its total spin s is 0. It also analysis just given is in fact only approximate, both because isospin is not an exact symmetry . the strong nuclear interaction between the two nucleons is related to angular momentum in spin-orbit interaction that mixes the deuterium nucleus is antisymmetric in terms of isospin, and has spin 1 and even (+1) parity . since the proton and neutron have different values for g(l) and g the measured value of the deuterium magnetic dipole moment, is 0.857 N . this is 97.5% of the value obtained by simply adding moments of the proton and neutron . the electric dipole the measured electric quadrupole of the deuterium is 0.2859 efm2 . the order of magnitude is reasonable, but the above model does not suffice for its computation . higher magnetic and electric multi liquid D2 is used in cold sources to moderate neutrons to very low energies . there is an even higher-yield D–3He fusion reaction . commercial nuclear fusion is not yet an accomplished technology NMR ordinarily requires compounds of interest to be analyzed as dissolved in solution . deuterium is not “seen” by an NMR instrument tuned for light-hydrogen . nuclear magnetic resonance spectros deuterium can be distinguished from ordinary hydrogen most easily by its mass . it can be detected by femtosecond infrared spectroscopy . measurements of small variations in natural abundances are of importance in plot allows samples of precipitation-originated water to be identified along with general information about the climate in which it originated . ratio of concentration of 2H to 1H is usually indicated with a delta as 2H hydrogen is an important component in all materials of organic chemistry and life science . it barely interacts with x-rays; it interacts strongly with neutrons . fusion of light hydrogen (protium) has in 2017, deutetrabenazine became the first deuterated drug to receive FDA approval . it is in a compassionate use trial in infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy and has successfully completed a Phase I theory: deuterium nucleus would contain two protons and one nuclear electron . hydrogen thought to have no heavy isotopes . cryogenic boiloff technique concentrated fraction of mass-2 isotope of hydrogen . name based in part on advice from G. N. Lewis who proposed the name “deutium” name is based on the, Greek deuterium won Urey the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1934 . Lewis was embittered by being passed over for this recognition given to his former student . experiment led to Allied operation called “norwegian heavy water sabotage” after world war II ended, the Allies discovered that Germany wasn’t putting as much effort into the program as had been previously thought . by the end of the war, the germans did not even have a fifth of the amount of heavy water needed to run the experimental reactor . the engineering process took about two and a half years in both the u.s the ivy mike bomb was a factory-like building, rather than a deliverable weapon . a conventional atomic bomb was used to create conditions of extreme temperature and pressure . cryogenic liquid deuter the material that contains the deuterium is mostly lithium deuteride . the antideuteron was first produced in 1965 at the Proton Synchrotron at CERN . proposed symbol for antideuterium is D, that is, D with an overbar. ALSOS: The Digital Library for Nuclear Issues. Archived from the original on 5 May 2010. Retrieved 26 November 2019. “Desktop nuclear fusion demonstrated”. New Scientist. Lloyd, Robin (21 August 2006). “Missing Gas Found in Milky Way”. Space.com. : Space.de. Space.net.
