ASPHALT
Updated 05-May-2020.
Mondo shtuff from around the internet, all about ASPHALT!
The Five Natural Asphalt Lake Areas In The World: Of the five natural asphalt lakes of the world, the US state of California contains three. Learn more about the five natural asphalt lakes of the world.
The organic geochemistry of the Hasbeya asphalt (Lebanon): comparison with asphalts from the Dead Sea area and Iraq: The organic geochemistry of the Hasbeya asphalt (Lebanon): comparison with asphalts from the Dead Sea area and Iraq
My botty best at summarizing from Wikipedia: asphalt, also known as bitumen (UK: , US: ), is a sticky, black, and highly viscous liquid or semi-solid form of petroleum . before the 20th century, the term asphaltum asphalt is used as the glue or binder mixed with aggregate particles to create asphalt concrete . it is also used for bituminous waterproofing products, including production of roofing felt . the Canadian province of Alberta has most of the world’s reserves of natural asphalt in the Athabasca oil sands . the first use of asphalt by the ancients was in the nature of a cement for securing in french, the term asphalte is used for naturally occurring asphalt-soaked limestone deposits . the expression “bitumen” originated in the Sanskrit words jatu, meaning “pitch” the Latin equivalent is claimed by the word “asphalt” is instead used to refer to asphalt concrete . it is a mixture of construction aggregate and asphalt itself (also called “tarmac” in common parlance) “bitumen” is the preferred geological term for naturally occurring deposits of petroleum . “bituminous rock” is a form of sandstone impregnated with bitumen . oil s “asphalt” and “bitumen” should not be confused with tar or coal tars . tar is the thick liquid product of the dry distillation and pyrolysis of organic hydrocarbons bitumen, and coal using the Bergius process, can be refined into petrols such as gasoline . bitume may be distilled into tar, not the other way around . asphalt may be confused with coal the addition of coal tar to macadam roads led to the word “tarmac” since the 1970s, asphalt has completely overtaken the use of tar . “pitch” is another term sometimes informally used at large amounts of asphalt occur in concentrated form in nature . naturally occurring deposits of bitumen are formed from the remains of ancient, microscopic algae (diatoms) natural deposits of bitumen include lakes such as the Pitch Lake in Trinidad and tobago and Lake Bermudez in Venezuela . natural seeps occur in the La Brea Tar Pits and in the Dead Sea . the world’s largest deposit of natural bitumen is located in the McMurray Formation of Northern Alberta . it is composed of lenses of oil-bearing sand with up to 20% oil . isotopic only parts of the Athabasca oil sands are shallow enough to be suitable for surface mining . the other 80% has to be produced by oil wells using enhanced oil recovery techniques . much smaller heavy oil or bitum the vast Alberta bitumen resources are considered to have started out as living material from marine plants and animals . they were covered by mud, buried deeply over time, and gently cooked into oil by geothermal heat at a historian says hot bitumen was used as mortar in walls of Babylon . ancient Egyptians used it to embalm mummies . the Persian word for asphalt is moom, which is related to mummy . bitumen was the object of the first known battle for a hydrocarbon deposit . it was used to cover objects that needed waterproofing, such as scabbards and other items . aboriginal people used bitumen seeping out of the Athabasca and other rivers to waterproof canoes . they also heated it in smudge pots to ward off mosquitoes in the summer . one of the earliest uses in France was the laying of about 24,000 square yards of Seyssel asphalt in 1835 . the first British patent for the use of asphalt was “Cassell’s patent asphalte or bit in 1851, extensions sought for 1837 patent and for both 1838 patents . Claridge’s Patent Asphalte Company laid one of the first asphalt pavements in whitehall . by the end of 1838, at least asphalt could be used for flooring, damp proofing in buildings, waterproofing of pools . several patents were granted in France, Germany and England . in 1914, Claridge’s Company entered into joint venture to produce tar- the failure of Clarmac Roads Ltd had a flow-on effect to Claridge’s Company, which was compulsorily wound up . extracts from bitumen were thought in 19th century Britain to contain chemicals asphaltum was used on rattles to adhere gourds or turtle shells to rattle handles . it was also used in decorations . asphalt was used as a sealant on baskets to make them watertight for carrying naturally occurring “bituminous rock” was first used to pave streets in the 1870s . in 1876, asphalt-based paving was used for Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington DC . bicycle clubs were important in pushing for more general pavement of streets . asphalt gradually became an ever more common method of paving . in 1900 Manhattan alone had 130,000 horses pulling streetcars and wagons . in 1890, a third of Chicago’s 2000 miles of streets were paved, chiefly with wooden blocks . Washington laid 400,000 square yards of asphalt paving by 1882 . it became the model for Buffalo, Philadelphia in 1719, a Cree named Wa-Pa-Su brought a sample for trade to Henry Kelsey . fur trader and explorer Alexander MacKenzie saw the Athabasca oil s in 1915, sidney Ells used the product to pave 600 feet of road in Edmonton, Alberta . other roads in Alberta were paved with material extracted from oil sands, but it was generally not economic bitumen was thinly coated onto a pewter plate which was then exposed in a camera . in 1826 or 1827, it was used by french scientist Joseph Nicéphore Niépce to make the many hours of exposure in the camera were required, making bitumen impractical for ordinary photography . but from the 1850s to the 1920s it was in common use as a photoresist in the production of printing according to the requirements of the end use, asphalt is produced to specification . this is achieved either by refining or blending . it is estimated that the current world use of asphalt is approximately 102 million tonnes per year . production of asphalt concrete involves mixing aggregates with the concrete . other materials, such as recycled polymers, may be added to the asphalt . remaining 5% of asphalt is used mainly for sealing and insulating purposes . asphalt cement must be heated so it can be mixed with the aggregates . warm-mix asphalt technologies allow producers to reduce the temperature required . some 95% of paved roads are constructed of or surfaced with asphalt . a substantial amount of asphalt pavement material is reclaimed each year . more than 99% of the asphalt removed each year from road surfaces is reused asphalt emulsions contain up to 70% asphalt and typically less than 1.5% chemical additives . there are two main types of emulsions with different affinity for aggregates, cationic and anionic . slurry seal is the creation of a mixture of asphalt emulsion and fine crushed aggregate . the process used to extract the bitumen from the sand is a hot water process originally developed by Dr. Karl synthetic substance is fluid enough to be transferred through conventional oil pipelines . it can be fed into conventional oil refineries without any further treatment . many modern oil refinery can process non-upgraded bitumen directly into products by 2015 Canadian production and exports of non-upgraded bitumen exceeded that of synthetic crude oil at over 1.3 million barrels (210103 m3) per day . to meet international competition, much non asphalt swelling is first induced by radiation because of hydrogen gas bubbles . matrix swelling occurs when salts exposed to water or moisture dissolve . high concentration of salt in the pore solution responsible for osmotic effects . swelling pressure due to osmotic effect under constant volume can be as high as 200 bar . encapsulated radionuclides are easily leached by the contact of ground water . high ionic strength chemically reactive nitrate can affect the redox conditions prevailing in the host rock . this establishes oxidizing conditions, preventing the reduction of radionuclides . different type of asphalt have been asphalt is used to make Japan black, a lacquer known for its use on iron and steel . it is also used to seal some alkaline batteries during the manufacturing process . asphalt is obtained as the “heavy” asphalt is typically stored and transported at temperatures around 150 °C (302 °F). further processing is possible by “blowing” the product: namely reacting it with oxygen. this step makes the product harder and more viscou some dump trucks route hot engine exhaust through pipes to keep material warm . backs of tippers carrying asphalt are also commonly sprayed with a releasing agent . diesel oil is no longer used as a release agent due to the Athabasca oil sands are the largest bitumen deposit in canada . it is the only one accessible to surface mining . because of oil price increases after 2003, production became highly profitable . but as a nonpetroleum-based asphalt binders can be made light-colored . lighter-colored roads absorb less heat from solar radiation . asphalt alternatives are called green parking lots . the bitumen content varies from 83% to 92% (soluble in carbon disulphide) the insoluble matter, consisting mainly of silica ore, ranges from 8% to 17% . Albanian since 1945, the mine was exploited by the Albanian government . from 2001 to date, the management passed to a french company . Selenizza is produced primarily in granular form . asphalt is produced for sidewalks, bridges, car-parks and urban roads . asphalt is a highly traded commodity . its prices increased substantially in the early 21st Century . asphalt sold for approximately $160 per ton in 2002 . by the end of 2006, the cost had doubled . the national institute for Occupational Safety and Health has set a recommended exposure limit of 5 mg/m3 temperatures greater than 199 °C (390 °F) are shown to produce a greater exposure risk than when asphalt was heated to lower temperatures . IARC has classified paving asphalt fumes as a Class 2B [Reprint of 1964 ed. ], Studies in Ancient Technology, Volume 1, The Netherlands: E.J. “Asphalt” . Encyclopdia Britannica. 2 (11th p. 768. “Bitumen” . New International Encyclopedia. 1905. Pavement Interactive – Asphalt CSU Sacramento, The World Famous Asphalt Museum!